Saturday, August 31, 2019

Driver’s Ed Module 1 and 2 Reflection Journal

REFLECTION JOURNAL Name: Rochonna Shaw Modules 1 & 2Module 1: Driving is Your Responsibility:Please answer the following questions in complete sentences using proper spelling and grammar: Complete the K-W-L information below. K- What you Know List two things you know about driving.I know that you should always wear a seat belt.I know that you should be cautious of your speed limit while driving.W—What you Want to know List two things you want to know about driving.I would like to know the rules and regulations of driving.I would like to know the meaning of all the different road signs.L—What you Learned Identify at least two new things you learned from Module One.I learned that driving is a privilege.I learned that the majority of teen deaths are caused by vehicle collisions. Do you already have your learners permit? No If no, have you taken the 4 hour drug/alcohol certificate? NoModule 2: The Driver: Please answer the following questions:Aha Moments: Aha moments are times when you have been reading something and the text suddenly makes sense or becomes clear to you. Please use complete sentences and proper spelling and grammar. Describe three aha moments that you had as you worked through M odule Two.How will this information affect you as a driver now and in the future? (2-3 sentences) OR If you did not have any ‘aha’ moments, answer the questions below in complete sentences using proper spelling and grammar: List three characteristics of ‘at risk’ drivers. An ‘at risk’ driver is drivers who do not wear seat belts.An ‘at risk’ driver is a driver who speeds or exceeds the speeding limit.An ‘at risk’ driver is a driver who merges when it was safer to stop.List three characteristics of safe drivers. A safe driver is a driver who always wears their seat belt.A safe driver is a driver that scans the road to identify possible hazards ahead.A safe driver is a driver who uses their signal lights to a left or right turn. List three driver errors that could cause a collision.A driving error that could cause a collision is running the traffic lightsA driving error that could cause a collision is driving under the i nfluence if drugs and/or alcohol.A driving error that could cause a collision is driving while you are tired and sleepy.How will this information affect you as a driver now and in the future? (2-3 sentences) This information will affect me in a positive way now and in the future. This information is providing me with the knowledge of what to do and what not to do as a driver.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Personal Financial Advisors Essay

I want to live the good life. By that I mean a life of wealth, privilege, loving family relationships, and warm friendships. At the end of my life I will be satisfied if my spouse and children are still by my side and if I have a close circle of friends. I intend to earn a lot of money and I intend to give generously to charity. To achieve this, I need time and money. I intend to marry and have three children. My spouse and I, who are still passionately in love with each other, are building an art collection. Both sets of grandparents live no more than an hour away. We visit frequently and the kids adore them. I own my own hedge fund and earn $25 million a year. My spouse owns a business—maybe an art gallery– or a professional practice. We live in a spacious penthouse apartment, probably in New York. We have floor to ceiling windows, views in every direction, a clean, sleek, modern decor, with lots of space for entertaining, which we do frequently. The kids each have their own bedrooms and share a playroom. We have a live-in nanny for the kids, a live-in cook, and help with the cleaning. We have a beach house, probably in South Hampton. We go there most weekends by helicopter. We all have busy lives so the quality time we spend together on the weekends is incredibly important to us. We take exotic vacations two times a year as a family—usually involving some kind of adventure travel pertaining to my love for scuba diving and for studying the ecology of coral reefs. Once a year my spouse and I go some place romantic on vacation together. Each year I take a vacation with one of the kids, just the two of us. The kids go to great schools with small classes and a progressive curriculum that lets them follow their own interests: there is no teaching for the exams in this school. The kids are learning to ride, and to play tennis, squash, and polo. I play these sports regularly. I have a lot of physical energy so I run or bike each day. I also work out every day in the gym in our apartment. I have given up smoking. My spouse and I are active in charity work. We are each on the board of a prestigious charity and when we go to their annual fundraising events we get our pictures in the gossip columns. We give 10% of our income to charity each year. I am a member of the Explorer’s Club because I have contributed something important to the scientific study of coral reefs. I spent a year studying the coral reefs in the Similan Islands in Thailand before starting my career. While there, I also studied Vipassna meditation, which I still practice. I am confident and gregarious. I don’t sweat the small stuff. I plan for the future and I work my plan, but I am flexible enough to enjoy surprising opportunities when they come along. 2. Career goals My long-term career goal is to own my own hedge fund and earn at least $25 million a year. The top hedge fund owners can earn considerably more than this (Story B1). To achieve this I need three things: proven skill at investing (or the skill to hire someone with skill at investing), connections to the kind of wealthy investors who put their money in hedge funds, and the ability to convince potential clients to trust me with their money. 3. A Strategic Plan for My Future I have four major goals: to stop smoking, to learn more about coral reefs, to start a hedge fund, and to find the right spouse and start a family. I can quit smoking this year. I have decided to join a smoking cessation program at a local hospital this summer. I have consulted with my doctor and he thinks this is a good option for me. I am determined to succeed. I don’t know how long, or if, I will, as a devoted amateur, ever be able to make a scientific discovery significant to earn me admittance into the Explorer’s Club, but I intend to proceed as though this is possible (Explorer’s Club). So far, my experience with scuba diving and studying coral reefs has only been as a tourist and an avid reader. I would very much like to participate in a real scientific research expedition. One of the world’s leading organizations for research into the ecology of coral reefs is the ARC Center for Excellence in Coral Reef Studies at James Cook University in Townsville, Australia (ARC Center of Excellence). My plan is to contact the scientists at the Center to learn what kind of opportunities there are for amateurs to participate in research projects. I am also considering participating in a research expedition, sponsored by the Earthwatch Institute, to Thailand’s coral reefs in December 2009 (Earthwatch Institute). I have another motive for doing this, which is that I can imagine meeting my future spouse on such an excursion. I would like to meet someone with whom I have interests in common. I think it will take me ten years to get the experience and contacts I need to start a hedge fund. I would like to apprentice myself to a leading hedge fund operator such as James Simons of Renaissance Technologies, John Paulson, or John Arnold of Centaurus Energy (Story B2). I am pursuing an education in finance. I have also been studying investment methods and I seem to have an affinity for technical analysis. I am managing a fictional portfolio as if it were real—tracking trades and so forth—and I am doing reasonably well. I am planning to join the Marketing Technicans Association and to earn the CMT credential. This involves a course of self-study and passing three challenging exams (Marketing Technican’s Association). Preparing for all three tests is said to take a total of 400 hours of study (Marketing Technician’s Association). I also intend to be active in the association—to meet others in the field and hopefully to network my way into a job in finance. As everyone knows, this is not an ideal time to be looking for a job in finance. The sector has cut 400,000 jobs in the past two years (Bowley & Story). I plan on being persistent. To start a hedge fund, I will need clients. To find them, I need to go where rich people and people who manage portfolios for large institutions go. I plan to be active in fundraising for our alumna association. I play squash and tennis. I plan to learn to play polo, an expensive sport. I also plan to be active in several charitable organizations. I hope this networking will put me in touch with the right people. Salesmanship is very important in the hedge fund business. Why should a potential client trust me with their money? I intend to build a reputation as an ethical, dependable, solid person. People will trust me because I will be trustworthy. This may sound obvious, but one thing that is sorely missing right now in the financial community is trust. Too many people have been too badly burned by the people they trusted to give them financial advice. Probably the goal that matters most to me is meeting a life partner. I hope I can do this in the next five years. I know how to meet people—that’s easy. But what I want to do is form strong, lasting relationships based on honestly knowing each other. The best way for me to do that is to be considerate and honest. In the past I have noticed in myself a tendency to play to the crowd. I will do what is necessary to get a laugh or to make someone like me, even if it means saying something about my thoughts, feelings, or opinions that isn’t really true. This is not going to work when it comes to finding a life partner. I need to be funny, considerate and honest at the same time. I am somewhat afraid of doing this. 4. A Strategic Plan â€Å"B† for My Future What if my plans don’t work out? I find this very hard to imagine. If I put myself in the right place, frequently enough, I know something good will happen, even if it isn’t exactly what I have in mind now. There are always options. I intend to follow my heart so I make the right choices. Suppose I can’t get a job in finance when I want to? I will probably consider going to work for one of the government regulatory agencies; they will probably be hiring. The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) is one possibility, especially since the CMT credential takes me part of the way towards the FINRA Registered Research Analyst credential (Marketing Technicians Association). This would open more doors. I am very ambitious, but if ten years pass and my dream of starting a hedge fund begins to look like an impossible goal, I will probably consider starting my own personal financial advisor practice. The Bureau of Labor Statistics is forecasting that demand for personal financial advisors will increase by 44% over the next seven years (Bureau of Labor Statistics). I am very interested in the idea of starting my own business, even if it can’t be a hedge fund. Right now, I can’t say what other kind of company I might start but it could be anything. I believe that I have to put myself in the way of opportunities. I will do this by becoming an avid watcher of the economy and an avid investigator of business conditions. I know what I am looking for: a product or service that is necessary and nonexistent. This is how the great fortunes are made. In a general sense, I am most interested in ways in which the internet can be used to deliver new services. Netflix is an inspiration. The question to ask is how could computing and networking be applied to get people this service. If you are talking about a service or product that can be delivered globally over the internet, so much the better. Amazon changed the way people shop for books. Fresh Direct has changed the way New Yorkers shop for groceries. Seamless Web has changed the way people order meals in from restaurants. I see the world as being endlessly full of possibilities. I know my dream is of extreme wealth and privilege. Maybe it is more of a fantasy than something that can be planned for. But I know all the steps I take in pursuing my dream—networking, CMT certification, building a reputation as trustworthy—will open opportunities for me. I can’t know what these opportunities are in advance. My plan â€Å"B† really is much more strategic than tactical. My plan â€Å"A† is tactical. But for plan â€Å"B† I intend to do things that I am really interested in, to take advantage of all opportunities to meet others with similar interests, especially those with a track record of achievement, and to continue studying and learning. There will be opportunities and I will have my eyes open so I can see them. The CMT isn’t the only certification I can pursue; it is just the one that interests me the most right now. The CFA Institute offers the CFA certification which is one of the most prestigious on Wall Street (CFA Institute). This is another course of self-study followed punctuated by three exams (CFA Institute). The more I try to make a plan for the future, the more convinced I become that preparation is the most important thing I can do. This is regarding my love life, my family life, my interest in coral reefs, and my career. If I study and if I seek out other people, I will discover opportunities. You can’t study for love, but you can understand yourself and what you desire. The more I learn about who I am and what I have to give to a life partner, the more likely I will be to find that special someone. I want intimacy, depth, and trust. I want to know and be known as much as possible. I don’t want secrets and I don’t want lies. I am convinced that the only way I will find a person who wants what I do, and with me, is if I give these things first. Works Cited ARC Centre of Excellence. â€Å"Coral Reefs on Brink of Disaster, Scientists Urge Action Now. † Science Daily. 22 October 2007. 28 April 2009 . Bowley, G. & Story, S. â€Å"Crisis Altering Wall Street as Big Banks Lose Top Talent. The New York Times. 12 April 2009. 27 April 2009 . Bureau of Labor Statistics. â€Å"Financial Analysts and Personal Financial Advisors. † Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2008-2009 Edition. 27 April 2009 . CFA Institute. â€Å"What Is the CFA Program? † 28 April 2009 . â€Å"Coral Reefs of Thailand. † Earthwatch Institute. 28 April 2009 . Explorer’s Club. 28 April 2009 . Marketing Technicians Association. â€Å"CMT Program. † 28 April 2009 . Story, Louise. March, 25, 2009. â€Å"Top Hedge Fund Managers Do Well in a Down Year. † New York Times, p. B1.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Media: Celebrities

Coming from a Latin word celeber, the word celebrity means a person widely recognised by the public and the media, person who through his command in the public creates media attention and is widely covered. One of prerequisite of a person being celebrity is fame, but that has to be associated with the media attention. Mass communication play a vital role in making someone celebrity as the person can be famous and well known but if the media is not piqued by that person, then the person cannot reach the celebrity level.People become celebrities in accordance to their professions, what they do to the public; this can be politicians or Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of certain large organisations such as Bill Gates, who stepped out of it few months ago, but still a celebrity. Celebrities to be in that status with the help of media are being known across the world, meaning can be famous not only in their countries but even outside their countries, and this category caters especially to th e politicians and actors and actresses.Religious leaders example Bishop Desmond Tutu for his involvement in freedom fight in South Africa and cultural leaders such as Dalai Lama of China for his outstanding performance in fighting for the rights of Tibet people; these people can be famous not only in their countries but not abroad due to their extensive coverage in the media. Excellence in sports also can make people famous not only in their countries but even worldwide such as Serena and Venus Williams are known globally due to their excellent performance in Tennis sport.Apart from sports, some people become celebrated due to their nature of their professions especially the highly paid ones which make them in contact with the media in most of their work schedules. These include people in the media presenters who are highly paid and well respected due to their exceptional work to the public, interior decorators, movie producers and sports coaches to mention a few who have caught the media attention and have been covered in mass entertainment.Some people become celebrities due to their family backgrounds, especially if some member of family were and are celebrities. This is found mostly in families engaged in music and movies industries like Jacksons, Winans and Osbournes while for politician families we can say Bushes, Clinton and Kennedys in United States of America (USA).Nevertheless, in accordance with the definition of celebrity that is something that has to be commanded by a person both in public and through the media, most of people must asking themselves how these people have earned the celebrity title. Due to this some scholars did start studying this celebrity phenomenon, by looking at the celebrity characteristics, psychology and even the interaction with the members of public, which makes people sometimes get too carried away with the celebrity worship. In America the number of people worshipping celebrities keeps on going up which has even affected people psychologically. Famously the syndrome now is known as celebrity-worship syndrome (CWS), the term invented by media but psychologists call it Celebrity Worship Scale (WCS).This situation has made people to look closely to the whole issue of celebrity, its attachment with the society and how people are reacting to it. Why people acting they way they do to the point of stalking celebrities. In survey conducted in USA, more people are affected by CWS which has led to people seek psychological help as Kate Douglas portrayed in her article when you wish upon a star, â€Å"Psychologists are starting to suspect that worshipping celebrities is the top of a slippery slope that leads to depression, anxiety and psychosis.† (Douglas Kate, When you wish upon a star, 2003).The effect is not only to the celebrities themselves, but the public also get affected by the whole issue of celebrity. Most of people wishing to be stars so as to be treated like star especially due to the media coverage these people get. Studying celebrity academically can help the society understand both parts that means celebrities themselves and the public which is affected by the concept of celebrity.The effect is much grave especially to the adolescents who spend most of their time wishing to be star, having cuttings and pictures of stars in their rooms and things they possess. Yes teenagers can think about celebrities as it is bring sense of social attachment, but not that excessively which affect the way of thinking of these teenagers or even adult for that matter which sometimes experience difficulties when encountered with problems.The effect if not dealt with early leads to more effects such as disorder to the worshipers like stalking celebrities or disillusion stalker gets that celebrity is love with him/her. The situation apart from stalking stars and celebrities, some of fans are copying what these celebrities are doing even if are bad things. This condition has sparked a lot of academics into researching the issue of celebrity and looking deeply for its effects to the society.An example that can be used here is the case of John Warnock Hinckley, Jr. who stalked Judie Foster after watching the Taxi Driver movie. He was seeking Judie’s attention to the point of following her to another state, the situation led into Hinckley attempting to assassinate President Ronald Regan in 1981 so as to catch Judie’s attention. He was later charged but found not guilty on basis of insanity and admitted at Saint Elizabeth in Washington DC. With experience like this studying celebrity should be taken into account as to understand psychological effects that associate with celebrities.The effect does not end to the fans only, but celebrities too are affected by the whole idea of being celebrity. Celebrities sometimes are also affected with the way society take them, their image and sometimes they are supposed to do things which is not in their heart simply be cause they have to comply with public especially in maintaining good image. The good image does not necessarily be the star image but sometimes can be the image of the organisations they are representing. This notion tend to make celebrities pretend sometimes especially in front of members of media and photographers.In his book The Image (1961), historian Daniel Boorstin criticised the way American society was living where it was heading concerning public image. The image that keeps on being fabricated and staged by the influential people especially politicians, movie stars and other celebrities. â€Å"Just as there were now counterfeit events, so, he said, there were also counterfeit people – celebrities – whose identities were being staged and scripted, to create illusions that often had no relationship to any underlying reality.† (Boorstin Daniel, The Image, 1961). The tendency, which has forced some of celebrities to get depressed and frustrated, hence seeki ng medical help which has led to some psychologists researching into the matter.The good example here can be referred to an icon which has made history in Hollywood, Marilyn Monroe who died by overdose from drugs. Marilyn was under chronic depression which made be constant contact with psychologists but later she paid with her life. Though not most of celebrities in movie industry die by overdosing themselves, but most of them undergo depression, which later on lead into drug addictions.Not only movie superstars experience the other side of the coin, which is depression even politicians and other celebrities do. The good example being Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865), the President of America in 1800s has also underwent severe depression too which was claimed to be associated with a horse blow he got when he was 10 years of age, while it sometimes associated with the death of his first love and mother. The only therapy in those days was through churches in Christian moral treatment but L incoln managed to overcome his depression by engaging himself in politics which later on he become a well respected one.Despite the fact that movie icons get into addictions, not all celebrities are like that as there is difference between these two categories. Film star is the one that get his/her stardom due to the participation in movie industry but celebrities can be from any field apart from film industry. Taking examples of film stars the list is long from Tom Cruise, Will Smith, Judie Foster, Meg Ryan and Nicholas Cage to mention a few.In conclusion, it is worthy studying celebrity issues, as it is the only way of understanding the interactions between celebrities and their surroundings, the people they mingle with, how they maintain their personalities and images to the public. Many celebrities are being used to advertise products such as David Beckham, Roberto Carlos and others like Christina Aguilera in Pepsi advert. This advertising involves media and through that people tend to question the authenticity of the products displayed, hence lead to more research on them.Apart from advertisements, studies can be done to the people around celebrities, how are they interacting with them and what effects do they get, but all in all it is worthy a study.Reference:Boorstin Daniel, The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America, 1961Douglas Kate, When you wish upon a star, Newscientist, issue 2408, August 2003www.mindhacks.com/blog/2006/08/star_struck.html

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Yellowstone Management Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Yellowstone Management Model - Essay Example Yellowstone could almost be viewed as concentric rings of varying â€Å"naturalness†. In the park, there are wilderness areas that require almost no energy inputs from humans. Then there are more managed areas, where forest products are occasionally harvested. The roads, drainage schemes and hydrological disruption that come with these types of activities require more energy to maintain. The final circle is the highly transformed and maintained landscape of agricultural activity with the requisite chemical fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides and petroleum powered machinery needed to both sow and harvest crops. While the Yellowstone model does a good job preserving many thousands of hectares of land in the wilderness, a developing National Park would want to note the ecological impact of hemming in these most natural areas with less natural areas. In the case of Yellowstone, it has been determined that the ecological needs of the largest fauna in the wilderness areas cannot be met by the amount of land set aside. Park planners and developers in the developing world will want to learn from Yellowstone and be sure to plan an appropriate range of habitats within the ecosystem.   The future implications for the current Yellowstone management model are many. Because the model is based upon ecology and the ranges of the species that the park is intended to protect, much more study should be done before setting the boundaries of the park. This can be seen as the evolution of Yellowstone’s management model has been revealed. Originally the park was just to encompass the unique geologic features. But later, this constricting boundary was determined to be hurting the species that had come to represent the park, namely the grizzly bear, elk and pronghorn sheep.

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Caravaggio, Vincent van Gogh, Picasso, Matisse, Georges de la Tour Essay

Caravaggio, Vincent van Gogh, Picasso, Matisse, Georges de la Tour - Essay Example The essay "Caravaggio, Vincent van Gogh, Picasso, Matisse, Georges de la Tour" examines the history of art and focuses on such important artists as Georges de la Tour, Caravaggio, Vincent van Gogh, Picasso and Matisse. The paintings of La Tour's maturity are marked by a startling geometric simplification of the human form and by the depiction of interior scenes lit only by the glare of candles or torches. His religious paintings done in this manner have a monumental simplicity and a stillness that expresses both contemplative quiet and wonder. The chronology and authenticity of some works attributed to him are still debated. Georges de la Tour used two kinds of lighting in his pictures. One was natural lighting, where people were illuminated from above with cool white light--like the painting reproduced with this article. The other kind of lighting he used was for nighttime pictures. They were called "nocturnes." The light for these pictures came from a single source, such as a fire or a candle. Georges de la Tour is considered to be a follower of Caravaggio due to his dependency on specific elements of the Caravaggesque style. Most notably the use of chiaroscuro and tenebristic techniques. In his interpretation of those certain stylistic qualties, however, Georges was unique in his design and composition, and presented an entirely new way of looking at common realistic works of art. Georges de la Tour is classed as a realist. Realist he is in that his subjects, predominantly if not exclusively religious. , are represented in terms of "real" life, often the life of his own country-town and surroundings in Lorraine. But he avoided naturalism; rather, he chose to simplify, modelling his forms by marked contrasts of light and shade, and using large volumes and severe lines, with great selective economy of detail" (Furness 70, 1996). 2 George de la Tour's attention to mood is a predominant quality that pervades his works. The paintings, especially the night scenes, have an almost meditative or pensive quality about them. Though the subject matter may, at times, be rather ambiguous, the spirituality communicated through the mood diminishes the importance of deciphering what scene we're looking at. Rather, the focus is on the way the painting makes us, as the viewer, feel through simple observation. A visual element that helps the viewer to focus on the scene before them is achieved through the absence of a background in the scenes. George De La Tour's sparsely populated pictures almost always represent scenes that take place nowhere, if they are judged by the almost complete absence of scenery. The boundaries of the settings are, nevertheless, delineated. There appear to be walls, but they have no texture and the colour is not descriptive. Georges de la Tour's works can be distinguished most especially through the unique use of lighting in his nocturnal scenes. The paintings are lit with a candle, a nightlight, or a torch, which are sometimes visible or are, at other times, hidden behind a figure's hand or another object. As for his less numerous and less popular daylight scenes, the figures are rendered with an acute eye to detail and a simplicity within the scene that is not found in the works of any other artist at the time. In examining various

Marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Marketing plan - Essay Example The strength of this product is that it is waterproof, has a display styled with dots, it is waterproof and comes in a variety of colours. Other strengths include the capability to mute cell phone calls and vibration alerts. The weakness is that it is only compatible with Android smart phones using the Android 4.4 software and above. The wristband also operates only with Bluetooth 4.4 and above only (Mcdannald, 2015). According to market researchers, the competitions strengths is that almost all wearable devices emanate from the same idea. Hence, customers are only easily swayed by the brand name. The weakness of the competition is its inability to work with other software like IOS or older versions of the software it is compatible with. This has a big impact on the sale of the wristband (Boxall, 2014). According to market analysts, the Sony wristband has lived up to 75% of its real ability. Thus the market sale trends and forecasts are doing well. A price history of the product on amazon shows the fluctuations it has gone through from $77 to $49. Perhaps, it is an indication of the demand pattern for the product, which has affected the pricing. However, in spite of the volatile nature of wearable technology, the forecast remains strong as the field is still green with opportunities for better products (Trew,

Monday, August 26, 2019

Principal Perspective from Coaching Teachers lessons Thesis

Principal Perspective from Coaching Teachers lessons - Thesis Example 2.0 Introduction Leadership in education has been defined in a plethora of ways over the last decades and this accumulation of varied definitions serves to make the immense differences in opinions and discernment about school leadership more apparent. Historically, educational leadership was considered a means of support for teaching staff by heads of department, school principals, lead or master teachers, social workers, supervisors and education specialists (Sparks, 2002; Sledge & Morehead, 2006). During the twentieth century the role of school leaders has changed significantly, and as Suskavcevic & Blake (2001, p.2) point out, it has been ‘highly transformative’. They further claim that in the 1930s the primary role for principals was as ‘scientific manager’; in the 1940s it was as ‘democratic leader’; in the 1970s it was as ‘humanistic facilitator’; in the 1980s it became as ‘instructional leader’ (p.2) and currentl y it is as ‘transformational leader’ (p.4). ... To understand the concept of coaching, particularly instructional coaching 4. To determine the role of principal in association with instructional coaching 5. To determine how principals perceive their role in association with instructional coaching 3.0 Literature Review 3.1 What is school leadership? As far back as 1954, Mackenzie & Stephen considered the principal of a school to be the leader in terms of instruction (cited in Greenfield, 1987). They considered leadership to be a ‘natural accompaniment of the goal-seeking behavior of human beings’ (p.4), and that any pursuits undertaken by one teacher that assists in another teacher achieving their goal is an example of leadership. They further purport that leadership can be assumed by anyone considered as ‘having control and means’ of what others want (p.9) and that the concept is dynamic and thus forever changing rather than being constant (p.10). Wasley (1991, p. 64), on the other hand, claims leadership is ‘the ability to encourage colleagues to change, to do things they wouldn't ordinarily consider without the influence of the leader ’; whereas Bolman & Deal (1994) consider that every teacher is a leader. Kowalski (1995) adds to their argument and considers teacher leaders to be teachers who are authorized and given the power to make pertinent decisions that impact on educational processes and educational outcomes. Katzenmeyer & Moller (2001) disillusioned with school leadership, and after a comprehensive review of literature, past experiences, and discussion with principals and other educational leaders, arrived at the conclusion that the definition of educational leadership is evolving and that teachers who are

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been - Essay Example She defies her parents, lies, and talks down to her mother. She also sneaks around and flirts with older boys whom she may or may not know. Connie is aware of dressing, looking, and acting differently in places other than her own home, acknowledging the stark contrast of the two people she tends to be and making it known that there is a reason for the two to exist. However, as much as Connie gives off the appearance of being an adult, when Arnold Friend and Ellie come around, she is revealed to be the young, helpless child that she really is. The greatest secret that presents an obstacle to Connie’s path to adulthood is that Connie is not fully ready to enter adulthood. The way that she allows people to see her is all just a show. Connie, while having the same animosity towards her mother and sister that most teenagers have, has no desire to be an entity separate from her family. By becoming an adult, she loses the protection that comes with being a child (Keilbach 12). She ma y fight with her mother and be eager to be away from her, but one of the first things that Connie does upon Arnold Friend’s invasion is call out for her family members. Similarly, Connie may flaunt that she has sexual experience with males, but all that she really has is just the outward appearance of someone who has had this experience. She wants others to believe that she is an adult, yet she does not want to sacrifice the benefits of childhood.

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Healthy Woman Check Ups, Do they make a difference Essay

Healthy Woman Check Ups, Do they make a difference - Essay Example It is important for women to get regular check- ups, because screening tests, such as mammograms and Pap tests, can find diseases early, when they are easier to treat. Some women need certain screening tests earlier or more often than other women. Screening and routine care can help women lower their risk of many health conditions including heart diseases. National Women’s Check-up Day which occurs every 14th of May was established by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Office on Women’s Health to encourage women to visit health care professionals to receive or schedule check-ups and promote regular check-ups as they are vital to enable the early detection diseases. With today's busy lifestyles, finding time to visit the doctor can often be difficult but it is important not to forget about our health. Regular health check-ups are important for women. Even in the absence of symptoms, many physicians recommend routine, yearly doctor visits and physica ls for females of all ages. A full check-up for women includes a comprehensive work-up for general health, including heart diseases, cholesterol, diabetes, major organ functions, osteoporosis and common cancers like liver and colon cancer. Specifically designed for women, the plan also screens for breast, ovarian and cervical cancers as well as pelvic disorders. Physicians integrate the information you provide from your symptoms, past health problems, physical examination and testing to detect disease or a risk of disease. If you feel well and have a normal exam, it's likely you are healthy. Unfortunately, many conditions can escape detection even with the best medical care. Which exams and screenings you need depends on your age, health and family history, and lifestyle choices such as what you eat, how active you are, and whether you smoke. Breast cancer screening aims to detect the disease early in women and thereby reduce mortality from breast cancer. It may not be cost-effectiv e to screen all women equally often, but rather to allocate resources disproportionately across women at different risks of developing breast cancer. This disease burden can be reduced if cases are detected and treated early. Pap smear for cervical cancer, allow the early identification of cancer or pre-cancer before signs are recognizable [PCND, 2008]. Screening for breast and cervical cancer are strongly related with a reduction in cancer mortality [Kerlikowske et al. 1995]. Evidence-Based screening plans and European guidelines recommend a mammography every 2 years for women aged 50-69 and Pap test every 3 years for women aged 25-64 [Perry et al. 2006, ACS, 2011]. Socioeconomic factors were shown to be strongly related to the use of preventive services [Lorant et al. 2002]. Disparities in the utilization of female screening were widely identified. Comparative studies on the use of preventive services in Europe showed inequalities in the participation to screening programs, althou gh the size of the inequality varied among countries [Palencia et al. 2010]. Women with lower health literacy are less likely to carry out routine cancer screening. Ethnic minority, old age and low socioeconomic status are all accompanied by a low chance of undergoing cancer screening procedures [Ackenson, 2007]. In the US characteristics associated with lower rates of Pap test use included low family income and low educational

Friday, August 23, 2019

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Leadership - Essay Example Charge of the country was seized through a military coup. Initially, he had a lot of support from the public due to: Mr. Mushharaf was able to retain control and win international support through his support of the American war on terror and the subsequent attacks on Afghanistan & Iraq. The various catastrophes facing the country helped him in retaining power for almost eight years, after which he lost public as well as international support and made the decision to step down. The current President of Pakistan assumed the leadership of the largest political party, the Peoples Party, shortly after the assassination of his wife Ms. Benazir Bhutto. Capitalizing on the public sympathy, he led the party into winning election of 2008 and appointed their Prime Minister. Shortly after that, he won elections and became the president of the country. The situational factors that led him to take up the leadership role were: Mr. Asif Zardari, despite his bad reputation, is now in power and can be seen visiting various countries in the world to get international support and help to ward of the current crises of the rising world food prices, currency losing value and near default economic

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Against School Essay Example for Free

Against School Essay Against School Gattos opinion on school is extremely intense and straight forward. For the most part I agree with his standing point on the subject of schooling. I agree with his arguments of how we have become a society that completely relies on technology to keep us from being bored, and this notion teaches us to be absent minded rather than creative. I also agree that keeping kids â€Å"locked up† in a building for about seven hours a day gives us no room to grow individually and learn from life experiences. Not only are students the ones in jeopardy because of this confined structure, but the teachers are as well. It’s almost like this narrow minded school system we abide by is just a dark cloud that hovers over us and imprints this idea that there is no other way to do things. When you think about it, school closely resembles what prison is made out to be. A bunch of unhappy people who would rather be anywhere but there. This is NOT what education should be about. We should enjoy learning, not think of it as a chore or something to get over with so that we can move on to the next thing in life. Which is what? More work? We need to focus on training our brains to engage in activities, enjoy the moment, be curious, and to discover new wonders, not new worksheets. I remember being a kid, gazing out the window on a car ride home, letting my imagination run wild, as fast as the car was going. Now whenever I drive for long periods of time, I lean over to look at what my little brother is doing. He’s constantly staring at some sort of computer screen. I even attempt having a conversation with him, asking him if he has any homework he needs help with but all I get in return is the same absent- minded response that I receive every day after school, â€Å"Nope, I already did my homework at school. † I’m always worried that he’s not getting an education, but instead is just receiving a â€Å"schooling†. He never seems engaged in his homework, but is more interested in what video game he can play as soon as he’s done. What ever happened to picking up a book and actually exercising the brain to imagine impossible things such as dragons and fairies? Does the board of education honestly think that they are tricking everyone into thinking that you will learn better off of a simple worksheet rather than actually going out and doing hands on interactions? Why do they restrict us? It’s almost like they emphasis conformity. It’s such a contradicting setting, school is. They put so much pressure on us to be individual and be completely yourself, yet they don’t allow us freedom to do so. I think we all stay so indifferent to the subject that it’s only getting worse. And the more we stay indifferent about it, the more the problem will escalate. It’s a vicious cycle that has to be stopped.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Is Genetics the New Eugenics Essay Example for Free

Is Genetics the New Eugenics Essay Introduction As a rÐ µsult of gÐ µnÐ µtic dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnts sincÐ µ thÐ µ Ð µarly 1970s, nÐ µw knowlÐ µdgÐ µ and subsÐ µquÐ µntly nÐ µw forms of control ovÐ µr DNA, human biology and thÐ µ physiological procÐ µssÐ µs rÐ µlating to hÐ µalth and disÐ µasÐ µ havÐ µ bÐ µgun to Ð µmÐ µrgÐ µ. HowÐ µvÐ µr, thÐ µ rapid and accÐ µlÐ µrating progrÐ µss bÐ µing madÐ µ in what is now bÐ µing rÐ µfÐ µrrÐ µd to as thÐ µ nÐ µw gÐ µnÐ µtics has consÐ µquÐ µncÐ µs far bÐ µyond thÐ µ application of gÐ µnÐ µtic tÐ µchnologiÐ µs and tÐ µchniquÐ µs in laboratory sÐ µttings. Swiftly accumulating gÐ µnÐ µtic knowlÐ µdgÐ µ from thÐ µ Human GÐ µnomÐ µ ProjÐ µct is promising to rÐ µvolutionizÐ µ thÐ µ study and trÐ µatmÐ µnt of gÐ µnÐ µtic disÐ µasÐ µs, Ð µspÐ µcially thosÐ µ that arÐ µ sÐ µvÐ µrÐ µly disabling or fatal, or for which contÐ µmporary trÐ µatmÐ µnts arÐ µ not appropriatÐ µ. ThÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of nÐ µw gÐ µnÐ µtic tÐ µchnologiÐ µs has rÐ µsultÐ µd in comparisons bÐ µing drawn bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ many terrible atrocitiÐ µs oncÐ µ pÐ µrpÐ µtratÐ µd in thÐ µ namÐ µ of Ð µugÐ µnics and what might happÐ µn in thÐ µ futurÐ µ. In thÐ µ minds of most pÐ µoplÐ µ, Ð µugÐ µnics is usually associatÐ µd with Ð µnforcÐ µd stÐ µrilization, racism, rÐ µstrictivÐ µ immigration policiÐ µs and Nazi concÐ µntration camps. (GlovÐ µr) ThÐ µrÐ µ is a dangÐ µr that thÐ µ public and nursÐ µs will look at thÐ µ nÐ µw gÐ µnÐ µtics and simply claim that it is unaccÐ µptablÐ µ to thÐ µm bÐ µcausÐ µ of thÐ µ past. ThÐ µ history of Ð µugÐ µnics in thÐ µ twÐ µntiÐ µth cÐ µntury suggÐ µsts that this is a lÐ µgitimatÐ µ fÐ µar that nÐ µÃ µds to bÐ µ addrÐ µssÐ µd. ThÐ µ ЕugÐ µnics MovÐ µmÐ µnt Although thÐ µ word Ð µugÐ µnics was popularizÐ µd by Francis Galton, thÐ µ intÐ µllÐ µctual history of Ð µugÐ µnics goÐ µs back cÐ µnturiÐ µs to thÐ µ philosophÐ µrs of anciÐ µnt GrÐ µÃ µcÐ µ. ЕugÐ µnic idÐ µas wÐ µrÐ µ discussÐ µd by Plato in ThÐ µ rÐ µpublic, whÐ µn hÐ µ statÐ µd that â€Å"dÐ µfÐ µctivÐ µ off-spring . . . will bÐ µ quiÐ µtly and sÐ µcrÐ µtly disposÐ µd of† and that mÐ µdicinÐ µ administÐ µrÐ µd by thÐ µ statÐ µ â€Å"will providÐ µ trÐ µatmÐ µnt for thosÐ µ . . . citizÐ µns whosÐ µ physical and psychological constitution is good; as for thÐ µ othÐ µrs, it will lÐ µavÐ µ thÐ µ unhÐ µalthy to diÐ µÃ¢â‚¬  (LÐ µÃ µ 1974, p. 174). ЕugÐ µnic thought was also apparÐ µnt in Roman timÐ µs; thÐ µ Spartans usÐ µd to cast out babiÐ µs who wÐ µrÐ µ considÐ µrÐ µd unfit (in somÐ µ casÐ µs bÐ µing fÐ µmalÐ µ was considÐ µrÐ µd unfit), in ordÐ µr to kÐ µÃ µp thÐ µir stock ‘purÐ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢. ThÐ µsÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnic opinions wÐ µrÐ µ justifiÐ µd as socially accÐ µptablÐ µ bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µy wÐ µrÐ µ prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd in tÐ µrms of bÐ µing in thÐ µ intÐ µrÐ µsts of thÐ µ statÐ µ. This concÐ µrn with thÐ µ intÐ µrÐ µsts of thÐ µ statÐ µ was part of Galtons transformation of Ð µugÐ µnic idÐ µas into a social thÐ µory. Francis Galton was an uppÐ µr-class Еnglishman, a gÐ µntlÐ µman sciÐ µntist, an Ð µxplorÐ µr and a cousin of CharlÐ µs Darwin. HÐ µ is gÐ µnÐ µrally considÐ µrÐ µd to bÐ µ thÐ µ foundÐ µr of thÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnics movÐ µmÐ µnt. (WiklÐ µr 1999) Coining thÐ µ word Ð µugÐ µnics from classical GrÐ µÃ µk roots (Ð µu mÐ µaning wÐ µll and gÐ µnos mÐ µaning birth), Galton claimÐ µd that this nÐ µw concÐ µpt should focus or thÐ µ study of agÐ µnciÐ µs undÐ µr social control that may improvÐ µ or impair thÐ µ racial qualitiÐ µs of futurÐ µ gÐ µnÐ µrations, Ð µithÐ µr physically or mÐ µntally and that it should bÐ µ a sciÐ µncÐ µ which dÐ µals with all influÐ µncÐ µs that improvÐ µ and dÐ µvÐ µlop thÐ µ inborn qualitiÐ µs of a racÐ µ (Galton 1904, p. 82). In 1904 Galton foundÐ µd thÐ µ National ЕugÐ µnics Laboratory, followÐ µd by thÐ µ ЕugÐ µnics Еducation SociÐ µty in 1907, whosÐ µ aim was to Ð µducatÐ µ thÐ µ British public about Ð µugÐ µnics. HÐ µ also Ð µstablishÐ µd thÐ µ acadÐ µmic journal, ЕugÐ µnics RÐ µviÐ µw. (KÐ µvlÐ µs 1999) Although intÐ µrÐ µst in Ð µugÐ µnic idÐ µals first arosÐ µ in Britain, it sprÐ µad rapidly to most of thÐ µ industrializÐ µd arÐ µas of thÐ µ world by thÐ µ turn of thÐ µ cÐ µntury. ThÐ µrÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnic movÐ µmÐ µnts in many othÐ µr countriÐ µs, Ð µvÐ µn in thosÐ µ with such disparatÐ µ culturÐ µs as thÐ µ USA, Canada, Russia, FrancÐ µ, Norway, SwÐ µdÐ µn, Italy, ArgÐ µntina, MÐ µxico, South Africa, India, China and Japan. (WÐ µiss 1987) Most industrializÐ µd sociÐ µtiÐ µs wÐ µrÐ µ Ð µxpÐ µriÐ µncing similar changÐ µs and pattÐ µrns of dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt at thÐ µ start of thÐ µ twÐ µntiÐ µth cÐ µntury. ThÐ µ prÐ µ-Ð µxisting intÐ µllÐ µctual climatÐ µ of social Darwinism, in conjunction with thÐ µ litÐ µraturÐ µ producÐ µd by lÐ µading Ð µugÐ µnicists and thÐ µ Ð µxpÐ µriÐ µncÐ µ of rapidly changing social conditions, such as continuÐ µd industrialization, thÐ µ growth of big businÐ µssÐ µs, thÐ µ sprawling of citiÐ µs and slums, and massivÐ µ migrations from thÐ µ countrysidÐ µ and abroad, all combinÐ µd to crÐ µatÐ µ popular Ð µugÐ µnics movÐ µmÐ µnts in many placÐ µs. (KÐ µvlÐ µs 1995) SÐ µarlÐ µ has aptly summarizÐ µd thÐ µ popularity of thÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnics movÐ µmÐ µnt in Britain bÐ µforÐ µ World War II. (SÐ µarlÐ µ 1976) HÐ µ claims that it gainÐ µd popularity bÐ µcausÐ µ sciÐ µncÐ µ was hÐ µld in high Ð µstÐ µÃ µm during thÐ µ first half of thÐ µ twÐ µntiÐ µth cÐ µntury; it providÐ µd validation of class and racial inÐ µqualitiÐ µs; it was a rÐ µsponsÐ µ to pÐ µrcÐ µivÐ µd inÐ µfficiÐ µnciÐ µs in social wÐ µlfarÐ µ policiÐ µs, and it providÐ µd an altÐ µrnativÐ µ to what was thought of as thÐ µ facilÐ µ Ð µnvironmÐ µntalism of thÐ µ latÐ µ Victorian Ð µra (SÐ µarlÐ µ 1976, pp.114-15). ThÐ µ factors hÐ µ discussÐ µs with rÐ µgard to Britain wÐ µrÐ µ applicablÐ µ to both thÐ µ USA and GÐ µrmany and to Ð µugÐ µnics movÐ µmÐ µnts world-widÐ µ. All sociÐ µtiÐ µs had povÐ µrty, crimÐ µ, prostitution, alcoholism and disÐ µasÐ µ, which wÐ µrÐ µ bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µd to bÐ µ gÐ µnÐ µtically rÐ µlatÐ µd and hÐ µncÐ µ amÐ µnablÐ µ to Ð µugÐ µnic mÐ µasurÐ µs, (KÐ µvlÐ µs 1995) but thÐ µy had nÐ µvÐ µr bÐ µforÐ µ possÐ µssÐ µd thÐ µ wÐ µight of statistical information, Ð µxpanding yÐ µarly by volumÐ µs, that numÐ µrically dÐ µtailÐ µd thÐ µ magnitudÐ µ of its problÐ µms (KÐ µvlÐ µs 1995, p. 72). (n14) All of thÐ µsÐ µ issuÐ µs providÐ µd thÐ µ backdrop against which Ð µugÐ µnics could flourish. ЕugÐ µnic PracticÐ µs Galton dividÐ µd thÐ µ practicÐ µ of Ð µugÐ µnics into two typÐ µs positivÐ µ and nÐ µgativÐ µ both of which Ð µndÐ µavourÐ µd to improvÐ µ thÐ µ human racÐ µ through sÐ µlÐ µctivÐ µ brÐ µÃ µding. PositivÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnics aimÐ µd at Ð µncouraging parÐ µnts with charactÐ µristics or traits that wÐ µrÐ µ dÐ µÃ µmÐ µd laudablÐ µ by sociÐ µty to producÐ µ morÐ µ childrÐ µn, whÐ µrÐ µas nÐ µgativÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnics attÐ µmptÐ µd to minimisÐ µ thÐ µ transmission to futurÐ µ gÐ µnÐ µrations of traits that wÐ µrÐ µ lifÐ µ-thrÐ µatÐ µning, harmful or of no civic worth. ThÐ µ policy mÐ µasurÐ µs that wÐ µrÐ µ advocatÐ µd by Ð µarly Ð µugÐ µnicists during thÐ µ first dÐ µcadÐ µs of thÐ µ twÐ µntiÐ µth cÐ µntury in pursuit of both positivÐ µ and nÐ µgativÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnics wÐ µrÐ µ Ð µxtrÐ µmÐ µly variÐ µd. PoliciÐ µs for nÐ µgativÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnics, howÐ µvÐ µr, wÐ µrÐ µ far morÐ µ common and morÐ µ frÐ µquÐ µntly implÐ µmÐ µntÐ µd, and so arÐ µ discussÐ µd first. ThÐ µ first systÐ µmatic attÐ µmpts to dÐ µvÐ µlop mandatory nÐ µgativÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnic policiÐ µs and programmÐ µs occurrÐ µd in thÐ µ USA. SomÐ µ of thÐ µsÐ µ includÐ µd: stringÐ µnt marriagÐ µ laws which prÐ µvÐ µntÐ µd thÐ µ marriagÐ µ of undÐ µsirablÐ µs, such as pÐ µoplÐ µ with lÐ µarning difficultiÐ µs; voluntary and compulsory stÐ µrilization; sÐ µxual sÐ µgrÐ µgation of pÐ µoplÐ µ with physical and mÐ µntal disabilitiÐ µs; strictÐ µr control of immigrants; and prÐ µmarital physical Ð µxaminations. ThÐ µ primary aim of thÐ µsÐ µ programmÐ µs was to prÐ µvÐ µnt rÐ µproduction by pÐ µoplÐ µ who wÐ µrÐ µ judgÐ µd to bÐ µ unfit. IncludÐ µd in this catÐ µgory of thÐ µ unfit wÐ µrÐ µ thosÐ µ suffÐ µring from insanity, Ð µpilÐ µpsy, alcoholism, paupÐ µrism, criminality, sÐ µxual pÐ µrvÐ µrsion, drug abusÐ µ, and Ð µspÐ µcially fÐ µÃ µblÐ µmindÐ µdnÐ µss. (Hubbard 1986, p.230), as wÐ µll as thosÐ µ suffÐ µring from tubÐ µrculosis and syphilis. (GlovÐ µr) Of all of thÐ µsÐ µ nÐ µgativÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnic options, stÐ µrilization was thÐ µ onÐ µ that was practisÐ µd thÐ µ most widÐ µly. In GÐ µrmany, for Ð µxamplÐ µ, bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn 1900 and thÐ µ 19308, at lÐ µast 200 000 pÐ µrsons who wÐ µrÐ µ dÐ µÃ µmÐ µd unfit to rÐ µproducÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ stÐ µrilizÐ µd. (GlovÐ µr 2005, p. 134) In thÐ µ USA in 1927, a notorious SuprÐ µmÐ µ Court casÐ µ uphÐ µld a statÐ µ statutÐ µ for stÐ µrilizing CarriÐ µ Buck, a â€Å"fÐ µÃ µblÐ µ-mindÐ µd Ð µightÐ µÃ µn yÐ µar old who was thÐ µ daughtÐ µr of a fÐ µÃ µblÐ µ-mindÐ µd mothÐ µr and thÐ µ mothÐ µr of an illÐ µgitimatÐ µ fÐ µÃ µblÐ µ-mindÐ µd child† (Annas 1981, p.18). Individuals with mÐ µntal dÐ µfÐ µcts wÐ µrÐ µ bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µd to havÐ µ inhÐ µritÐ µd thÐ µir condition and wÐ µrÐ µ thought to bÐ µ incurablÐ µ. ThÐ µ Ð µminÐ µnt AmÐ µrican judgÐ µ, OlivÐ µr WÐ µndall HolmÐ µs, spÐ µaking for thÐ µ SuprÐ µmÐ µ Court, claimÐ µd: â€Å"It is bÐ µttÐ µr for all thÐ µ world, if instÐ µad of waiting to Ð µxÐ µcutÐ µ dÐ µgÐ µnÐ µratÐ µ off-spring for crimÐ µ, or lÐ µt thÐ µm starvÐ µ for thÐ µir imbÐ µcility, sociÐ µty can prÐ µvÐ µnt thosÐ µ who arÐ µ manifÐ µstly unfit from continuing thÐ µir kind . . . ThrÐ µÃ µ gÐ µnÐ µrations of imbÐ µcilÐ µs arÐ µ Ð µnough. † (Buchanan 2000, p. 46). PositivÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnic policiÐ µs covÐ µrÐ µd mÐ µasurÐ µs dÐ µsignÐ µd to Ð µncouragÐ µ thÐ µ procrÐ µation of bÐ µttÐ µr childrÐ µn and thÐ µ promotion of a Ð µugÐ µnic consciÐ µncÐ µ in sociÐ µty. Many positivÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnicists tÐ µndÐ µd to bÐ µ social radicals, such as GÐ µorgÐ µ BÐ µrnard Shaw, and wÐ µrÐ µ oftÐ µn inclinÐ µd to utopian visions. Galton, howÐ µvÐ µr, advocatÐ µd a systÐ µm of arrangÐ µd marriagÐ µs bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn pÐ µrsons of distinction in ordÐ µr to producÐ µ giftÐ µd childrÐ µn. HÐ µ arguÐ µd that, in ordÐ µr to augmÐ µnt favourÐ µd stock in Britain, diplomas should bÐ µ givÐ µn to young pÐ µoplÐ µ of thÐ µ highÐ µr classÐ µs and thÐ µir intÐ µrmarriagÐ µ Ð µncouragÐ µd. (KÐ µvlÐ µs 1995) OnÐ µ Ð µxamplÐ µ of a positivÐ µ Ð µugÐ µnic programmÐ µ that rÐ µachÐ µd fruition was thÐ µ spÐ µcial matÐ µrnity hospitals and homÐ µs for Ð µxpÐ µctant mothÐ µrs in GÐ µrmany that wÐ µrÐ µ part of HÐ µinrich HimmlÐ µrs LÐ µbÐ µnsborn programmÐ µ. (WÐ µindling 2000) OthÐ µr Ð µxamplÐ µs includÐ µd calls for thÐ µ rÐ µgistration of midwivÐ µs in thÐ µ hopÐ µ that thÐ µ gÐ µnÐ µral standard of childcarÐ µ would bÐ µ improvÐ µd. In thÐ µ UK proposals wÐ µrÐ µ madÐ µ for tax rÐ µbatÐ µs to hÐ µlp covÐ µr thÐ µ costs of matÐ µrnity and child-rÐ µaring, Ð µspÐ µcially for mÐ µritorious familiÐ µs (KÐ µvlÐ µs 1995, p.91). Although Ð µugÐ µnics is usually associatÐ µd with right-wing Ð µxtrÐ µmists, thosÐ µ on thÐ µ lÐ µft of thÐ µ political spÐ µctrum wÐ µrÐ µ also sympathÐ µtic to Ð µugÐ µnic idÐ µals. ModÐ µrn supportÐ µrs of thÐ µ political lÐ µft oftÐ µn gloss ovÐ µr thÐ µ many historical links with Ð µugÐ µnics. (DustÐ µr 1990) ЕugÐ µnic thought was in closÐ µ continuity with thÐ µ classical idÐ µology of thÐ µ British bourgÐ µoisiÐ µ and many intÐ µllÐ µctuals had rÐ µachÐ µd maturity in thÐ µ Ð µpoch in which social administration and Ð µugÐ µnics wÐ µrÐ µ closÐ µly intÐ µrtwinÐ µd (JonÐ µs 1980, p.170). HowÐ µvÐ µr, World War II and its aftÐ µrmath, during which thÐ µ horrors of mÐ µdical Ð µxpÐ µrimÐ µntation and mass Ð µxtÐ µrmination wÐ µrÐ µ rÐ µvÐ µalÐ µd, is oftÐ µn sÐ µÃ µn as thÐ µ dÐ µcisivÐ µ factor in thÐ µ rÐ µjÐ µction of Ð µugÐ µnics. AftÐ µr thÐ µ War, public opinion rÐ µjÐ µctÐ µd Ð µugÐ µnics and sought altÐ µrnativÐ µ ways of tackling social issuÐ µs. ThÐ µrÐ µ was a shift in dÐ µmocratic statÐ µs toward thÐ µ adoption of collÐ µctivist solutions for social problÐ µms and thÐ µ idÐ µology of Ð µgalitarianism rapidly sprÐ µad across ЕuropÐ µ.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Don Giovanni by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | Analysis

Don Giovanni by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | Analysis Were transported to seventeenth century Spain for what has been called the greatest opera ever composed Don Giovanni! From the initial thundering chords of the breathtaking overture, this opera is filled with sexual heat, thrilling music and dramatic action. Indeed more action takes place in scene one of Don Giovanni, than that of most operas. Within the first fifteen minutes alone; a disgruntled servant, an attempted rape, a dual, a murder, a grieving daughter, and an oath of vengeance ensnare the audience! Our story properly begins in the early seventeenth century, when the character Don Juan made his stage debut in a three act play titled El burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra (The Trickster of Seville and the Stone Guest) the play was first performed in Madrid around 1624, but published in 1630. It appears under the name of a playwright named Tirso de Molina; however this was actually the pseudonym of a Roman Catholic monk named Gabriel Tà ©llez. It was most likely written to present the issue of morality in relation to Don Juans amorous excesses. In seventeenth century Italy, it was a favorite story of the commedia dellarte. Molià ¨re wrote a play on the subject in Paris in 1655. And rather go on decade be decade, well hop forward to 1787. A key year, not for Mozarts Don Giovanni, but for the first performance in the city of Venice of an opera called Don Giovanni Tenorio, o sia Il convitato di pietra (Don Giovanni and the Stone Guest) the composer of this 1787 version was Gi useppe Gazzaniga and the Libretto was by Giovanni Bertati. The next person Id like to introduce to this picture is Lorenzo da Ponte; the great court poet in Vienna. Mozart had known of Da Ponte for a while. Four years earlier in 1783, when Mozart was relatively new in Vienna, he writes home to his father from Vienna that hes after Da Ponte to write a libretto for him, but he is so busy writing original opera libretti for some composers and adapting pre-existing libretti for other composers, it would be actually more than two years before Mozart could pin down Da Ponte to work with him. When he did, Da Ponte provided him with the libretto for their first collaboration the Marriage of Figaro. It was composed between October of 1785 and April 1786 and was premiered in Vienna. It received success for a limited time, before other productions came to take its place. But as interest in Figaro waned in Vienna, there was another city that was crazy about the Marriage of Figaro and that city is Prague. (Which at that time, it was the second most impor tant musical centre in Europe) Mozart went to Prague in January of 1787; it marked the beginning of a passionate relationship between him and Prague. Among other things Mozart conducted a performance of Figaro at the Opera house during his stay. On the seventeenth of January he writes to his friend and student Baron Gottfried von Jacquin he says; I saw with the greatest pleasure all the people in the ballroom dancing with such delight to the music of my Figaro. For here in Prague nothing is talked of but Figaro, nothing is played sung or whistled but Figaro No opera is drawing like Figaro. Nothing, nothing but Figaro. Certainly a great honor for me! On foot of the success of Figaro, comes a commission of an opera for the following season (nine months time). That opera would be Don Giovanni, which was written to be premiered in Prague as part of the celebrations for the marriage of the Archduchess Maria Theresa (niece of the Emperor Joseph II) to Prince Anton Clemens of Saxony. Mozart was delighted to accept this new commission and, naturally asked Da Ponte to join him on the project. As it happened, Da Ponte was already heavily committed, working on two librettos Tarare (for Salieri) and Larbore di Diana (for Martin y Soler). But he too was greatly attracted by the occasion and he was strongly drawn to the subject matter (his friendship with Casanova, was now about to pay dividends) this is what Da Ponte himself says about his choice of subject for Mozart For Mozart I chose Don Giovanni a theme which appealed to me enormously. In working on Don Giovanni, I shall think of Dantes hell This is a wonderful image, the great Lorenzo da Ponte, court poet of Vienna, the great operatic librettist. You picture him sitting, inspired by, reflecting on, and plunging into the depths and the mysteries of Dante. The very simple fact is, he was probably thinking a lot more about the libretto that Bertati had written for Gazzaniga in Venice. Da Ponte knows about that libretto and its very clear that he draws very freely from it, hes not about to write something from scratch if he doesnt have to. But in fairness to Da Ponte everything he touches gets better, which in artistic circles is what you like to see happening he borrows and repays the debt with interest. So back to the chronicle of Don Giovanni and its main character; this is a particularly concise sketch of the quintessential Don Juan character; he is the epitome of the modern age, an expansive type who is determined to enjoy the world, Immeasurably self aware, defiant of all forms of authority and opposed to all higher order he is in effect a corporate C.E.O.! Beethoven although he greatly admired the music of this opera, he very famously stated the he could not bring himself to write an opera on a subject so immoral as either Figaro or Don Giovanni .However. this is not to say that Mozart shared Don Giovannis moral values. In a letter Mozart writes to his father shortly after he arrives in Vienna he says the voice of nature speaks as loud in me as it does in others, louder perhaps, but I simply cannot live as most men do these days, in the first place; I have too much religion, in the second place; too great a love of my neighbor and too high a feeling of honor to seduce an innocent girl and then in the third place; I have too much horror and disgust, too much dread and fear of diseases Mozart; an eighteenth century practitioner of safe sex.who knew? Now, taking a look at the opera, theres been a lot of critical discussion over the years. Musicologists and critics of all types have written extensively about Don Giovanni and one central issue that always seems to appear is the question Is it a tragic opera? (opera Seria) or is it a comic opera?(opera Buffa) and the simple fact is that what it really comes down to is that it is both! And the strength is that it can be both of them, the juxtaposition of the tragic and the comic heightens the effect of both. This said, its not simply the alternation between tragic and comic but the fact that Mozart is often able to have both facets displayed simultaneously. In this regard he has the ideal collaborator in the form of Lorenzo Da Ponte, because Da Ponte is often praised by his admirers for his ability to interweave the tragic and the comic elements. Its interesting to note that Mozart himself labeled this opera as a drama giocoso (Playful drama) which reflects what he understands the op era to be. To give an example of the juxtaposition between the tragic and the comic I first have to give you a sense of Mozarts gifts of characterization, because that is what a great opera composer has to have at his or her disposal. The ability not only to delineate a character in music, sometimes in the instrumental music even before they open their mouths to sing, but also the ability to somehow express different emotional states of that character in the course of the opera. So to give an example of a contrast of emotional states; the duet that follows the death of the Commendatore, his daughter Donna Anna is quite understandably upset and agitated. Her betroved Don Ottavio is much more in control and in their music you hear their emotional states she is agitated and he is calmer. Heres what they sound like in their duet: Track 1 You dont have to understand what theyre singing in Italian to realize that shes agitated and hes calmer because you hear it reflected in what they sing. If you talk about the expression of powerful emotions in music, which is something that also matters here. To begin with one thing you should know about Mozart, is that he was very much a man of the classic period; in which elegance, balance, restraint and proportion were the stock and trade of the composer. This also extended to his representation of strong emotions. Theres a famous letter that he writes to his father, when he is composing his first Viennese stage work The abduction from the soraleo in which there is a surly gate keeper at the poshes palace whose name is Ozmide, he has an aria of rage directed at a man whos trying to rescue his girlfriend form the heron and Mozart writing to his father says yes the emotions that are expressed here are extreme, but the music must never lose itself Thats one thing you have to recognise, there will be later operatic composers who will go over the top with their music, when the emotions go over the top, but the musical range within whic h Mozart operates, suggests that even at the most extreme, emotions never lose the propriety of the music that is expressing them. The musical range is different from what you might encounter in Wagner or in Twentieth century but Mozart knows exactly what hes doing and the shading of these levels is what its all about. Now in act two of Don Giovanni its Don Ottavio who swears vengeance for the death of the Commendatore he sings the aria il mio tesoro the text begins go and console my treasure and try to dry the tears from her lovely eyes. I mention this aria because I want you to hear a little of what many consider to be the finest recording of it ever made, which is interesting because it was recorded in 1916 by the great Irish tenor John McCormack: Track 2 Weve really set the stage now for what I mentioned earlier about the juxtaposition of the tragic and the comic elements. After the duet you heard earlier, Don Giovanni and Leperello (Dons Servant) return to the stage and we return to the Opera Buffa style. Donna Elvira then sings a very serious and dramatic aria, its important to note that in every aria except this one by Donna Elvira, the singer is addressing someone else on the stage. This makes her aria the operatic equivalent of a dramatic soliloquy. It is intense, and yet the intensity is undercut by the fact that the fact that Don Giovanni and Leperello are off to the side of the stage eavesdropping and making comments about what she has to say: Track 3 What makes this convention even more elegant is that the places where Don Giovanni and Leperello are making their side comments are exactly the places where you would normally have an orchestral refrain punctuating what shes saying. So hes using the conventional form, but hes twisting it slightly which again undercuts the dramatic intensity. Now back to the original play by Tirso de Molina, if you take a look at that you find that at the end Don Juan with his dying breath says that Elvira is virgo intacta (a virgin) which makes her the only woman in the original play who gets through untouched. In Da Pontes libretto though, things are very different. As a matter of fact another recurring theme in the critical analyses of this opera is; overwhelming lack of success on behalf of the title character. Legendary loverà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.wheres it happening? Heres a compilation of comments on this subject made through the years: 1924 The action portrays anything but a successful sexual adventurer 1867 The cheerful tone that runs through the whole opera depends chiefly on the repulses with which the hero is continually made on the field of the heroic deeds 1954 Of all the Don Juans of literature and of drama, that of Da Ponte is professionally the most futile Irvin Singer You can understand Don Giovanni as a professional Athlete with a very high batting average. That he encounters frustrations within the opera, simple shows how difficult the sport is 1967 Every time Don Giovanni is absent from the stage you should consider a conquest is taking place. We are accustomed to crime detection in prose; this is sin detection with all the major clues in the music and plenty of others in the Italian It would seem like the last authors interpretation is at odds with the intentions of our librettist Mr. Da Ponte, I say that because in that libretto that Giovanni Bertati wrote for Gazzaniga the conquests are explicit and overt. Lorenzo da Ponte decides that he will tone down the obviousness of the amorous conquests in his version of the story. We believe in his seductive powers by virtue of what he says and how he sings it, which of course is what opera is all about. The duet la ci darem la mano is an example of Don Giovannis seductive capabilities: Track 4 A man named Edward Dent (Who wrote a famous book on Mozart Operas) he says After Don Giovanni himself, by far the most interesting character would be Donna Elvira One of her finest moments is very interesting musically because it is Mozart specifically stepping out of the style of his time and stepping back to the style of Handel. Often you would find a composer in any period to be somewhat conservative in their musical style if theyre writing sacred music; the idea of reaching back and evoking a certain timelessness and archaic quality that serves the text. Well here were in the course of an opera, but its clear that he probably wants to make this come across like a sermon because what shes singing is flea the traitor, dont listen to what he says, his lips are lying ones, his eyes deceiving and he crafts it in the style of a Handel aria: Track 5 And then just another indication of the music variety you find here a very simple tune Batti Batti (Beat me, beat me) is rendered less trivial by an obligato solo cello: Track 6 The effectiveness of that cello leads us into the whole question of orchestral colour. When we think of the drama and the power of Mozarts music the first thing of course that comes to mind of course is melody, the most inescapable part of an operas score. But then theres the harmony which we sometimes dont think about as much as the melody but also exerts a powerful influence, but also orchestration; the use of varying colours in varying situations, which even if were not thinking about consciously exerts a very powerful subliminal effect on us. Heres a very nice example; orchestral colour used to literally paint an island of repose in the trio proteggia if giusto cielo (may just heaven protect my determined heart) the strings drop out and the singers are accompanied only by the winds. You can really get the sense that you are somewhere else: Track 7 But the most important instrumental point of interest has to do with trombones. In Mozarts time, trombones generally belonged to church music and not to the theatre. As far as their use in symphonic music it is not until Beethovens fifth symphony (twenty one years later) that the trombone made its first appearance in a symphony. So to put yourself in the shoes of the Prague audience I know trombones but I think of them as belonging to the church so how does he use them here? Mozart associates them with the statue of the commendatore, the statue that is going to come to life, and when it comes to life in the graveyard scene thats when the trombones appear. You can be sure the audience in those days were terrified: Track 8 And when the statue comes to Don Giovannis banquet he brings his trombones: Track 9 When the statue that has come to life shows up with his trombones, the music is not new to us because weve already heard it in the overture, and what is very, very significant about this; it is the only time in Mozarts entire operatic career that he writes an overture that begins with a slow introduction. The obvious reason why he does it in this case is because he wants to give us a taste of that terrifying music at the very beginning: Track 10 Its interesting to note that the night before the premiere of Don Giovanni; Mozart had to stay up all night to write the overture which according to a member of his orchestra had not even been sketched! Another wonderful point of interest, a very famous passage in Don Giovanni, which is a reflection of Mozarts experience writing dance music for the ballrooms of imperial Vienna that is where he simultaneously gives us three different dances representing three different levels of society. Mozart who we all know could work things out in his head and spew it out on the paper without effort actually made sketches for this, it was something he actually had to think about. Its the same effect that Charles Ives is going to create somewhat later. The idea of standing in a certain place with different ensembles playing, you hear them simultaneously and the soundscape is the composite of three different elements. This is what it sounds like in Don Giovanni: Track 11 Now thats simultaneous combination, Id like to also tell you about a kind of consecutive juxtaposition of things which is very interesting, it represents a little of the in humour of whats going on here; we are almost at the end of the opera, and were in the banquet hall of Don Giovanni whose own personal orchestra is playing. The first tune they play is the act one finale of Martin y Solers (one of Mozart contemporaries, and another composer asking Da Ponte for a liberetto) opera Una cosa rara so youll hear the acknowledgement of cosa rara: Track 12 Then they play an excerpt from an opera of another one of his contemporaries named i due littiganti by Sarti. Leperello cheers the selection, Don Giovanni simply tells him to pour more wine: Track 13 There is a basic rule of humour or comedy writing that is; set up, set up and punch line, Mozart knows how to do that! We have something by Martin, something by Sarti, the third thing that Don Giovannis orchestra plays is non piu andrai from the Marriage of Figaro. Now of course every single person in that audience in Prague would have immediately recognised it from the first few notes because as we know these were the tunes to which they were singing, whistling, humming, dancing etc. these were the tunes that took over Prague before Don Giovanni! How does Leperello respond he says I know that tune troppo (too well): Track 14 Since Ive already given away the ending of the opera, I will play some of the music that accompanies Don Giovannis descent into hell.through a trap door in the stage, which is a lesson to all of us to beware of trap doors in stages, because you know where they lead! Again with orchestral effects and an offstage chorus, it absolutely terrified the audiences of Mozarts time: Track 15 Theres a famous story told of a somewhat out of shape Don who got stuck in the trap door on the way down, and no matter what he did, he couldnt push himself either way, at which point someone in the audience yelled out Hurray boys, hells full! Id like to close by posing and answering a question, obvious in the light of the history that Ive provided you with, and that is; after it was performed in Prague, how did Don Giovanni fair in Vienna? Well seven months after the triumphant performances in Prague, it premiered in Vienna, but unfortunately the reception was somewhat cool. The Emperor said to Da Ponte The opera is divine, I would even venture that it is more beautiful that Figaro but such music is not meat to the teeth of my Viennese and the story goes that Da Ponte relayed this message back to Mozart and his reply was well let them chew on it. So Happy Chewing!

Suffering and Salvation in Dostoevskys The Brothers Karamazov Essays

Suffering and Salvation in Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov  Ã‚   Condemned to be shot by a firing squad for radical ideas, the author of The Brothers Karamazov once found himself seconds away from death, only to be granted a reprieve moments before the firing. Although only a method intended to teach him a lesson, the trick had quite a harrowing effect on Dostoevsky. After his close encounter with death, Dostoevsky underwent a total change, and so all of his new notions became a part of "The Brothers Karamazov", which he wrote at the end of his life. For example, once he reexamined his values he began to reject the blindly accepted Russian beliefs. Spiritually, he altered so much that he emerged with the prophetic belief that the world's salvation relied upon the people of Russia. He believed Russia would dominate the world and thus felt that her children needed to be harbored with this theory. Also, he began to develop theories about the role of suffering as man's sole means of salvation. All of these beliefs, through either characters or events, are reflected in this 19th century classic. Even before this firing squad incident, when his father was slaughtered by serfs, Dostoevsky was haunted by and obsessed with the idea of death, which became the subject of all his novels, including his masterpiece, "The Brothers Karamazov". From the first page of the novel, Fyodor is presented as a vulgar beast, which dissolves any sympathy for him when he is murdered. Although the father of Dmitri, Ivan, and Alyosha, he is a true father to neither of them; in fact, the only person to whom he is any sort of parental figure is his bastard son Smerdyakov. Dmitri, the fierce sensualist, is an impulsive man who quarrels with Fyodor reg... ...inty, and so the strength of his beliefs is doubled, perhaps even tripled. Like the personalities of "The Brothers Karamazov", the characters of any well-written piece become extremely significant to the reader. In that case, it becomes vital for the reader to know the fates of these characters, who are known almost intimately, and their destinies[1] are highly anticipated. In "The Brothers Karamazov", the reader wants to know, for example, if Ivan will ever answer his questions, how Alyosha will lead his life, and if Dmitri will be convicted for a crime he didn't commit. By having these fates determined through cognitive events, these occurrences become some of the most memorable of Dostoevsky's novel, which itself becomes psychoanalogical. Thus, "The Brothers Karamazov" has become one of the greatest novels ever written and a true psychological masterpiece.

Monday, August 19, 2019

The Revolution in Russia Essay -- Russian Russia History

The Revolution in Russia In the last years of World War I a Revolution in Russia overthrew the Tsar and eventually led to the establishment of the world's first avowedly Communist state. The Soviet Union that rose out of the ashes of the Russian Empire would play a critical role in the events of the remainder of the century. A useful way of understanding the course of the Russian Revolution in 1917 is to compare it to a wildfire. In this metaphor, the instability of late Imperial Russia and the deep dissatisfaction of large segments of its population provided plentiful fuel for the fire that was sparked by the disastrous course of the First World War. Although the vast majority of the population was initially cheered when the Imperial government went up in flames, moderates soon began to worry that they too would be consumed if the blaze was allowed to spread. Their caution backfired, however, as they gradually lost the respect and trust of the population. As their authority broke down, the inferno spread out of control, benefiting radicals willing to go along with the growing anarchy and support the demands of the people. The militant Bolshevik Party was the group best able to ride the firestorm into power, which they seized in the famous October Revolution. They went along with the revolution until it burned itself out, and were then able to consolidate their position as the absolute rulers of the country. Dead Wood Despite being one of the world's largest, most powerful and most feared nations, late Imperial Russia rested on unstable foundations. The peasantry, the industrial workers and progressives were all deeply dissatisfied. Moreover, they had little hope of improving their situation through peaceful means. ... ...206. 12 Figes, People's Tragedy, 360. 13 Ibid., 430. 14 This phrase is often attributed to either Lenin or his associate Leon Trotsky. 15 1917 god v derevne Vospominaniia krestian (Moscow, 1967), 3 16 Except for a temporary decline during the harvest period. See Lazar Volin, A Century of Russian Agriculture: From Alexander II to Khrushev (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970), 125. 17 1917 god v derevne, 3 18 Ibid., 4. 19 Figes, People's Tragedy, 433-434. 20 N. N. Sukhanov, The Russian Revolution, ed. Joel Carmichael (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), 470. 21 See David Schaich, The Bolsheviks, the Masses, and October for further discussion. 22 History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1960), 260-261. 23 See David Schaich, The Bolsheviks, the Masses, and October for further discussion.

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Joseph Stalin :: essays research papers

Joseph Stalin’s official reign of terror ended with his death in 1953, but the effects of his autocratic rule continued for many years to follow. His lasting hold on the people of the former Soviet Union still lingers in a few brainwashed minds. In the article "Stalin’s Afterlife" and the movie "Russia’s War - Blood Upon the Snow", Stalin is portrayed as the monster really was and should be remembered as. It said in "Stalin’s Afterlife" that "Stalin’s policies created a holocaust greater than Hitler’s.", which unbelievably is true. The horror of the crimes Joseph Stalin committed against his own people is appalling. For example, Stalin’s plan for collectivization resulted in the death of twenty million people. The great five-year plan to turn the peasant farmers into one, huge farming community brought on famine, starvation and eventually death to twenty million peasant farmers. Another atrocity that Stalin was responsible for was the forced labor camps known as Gulags. "...the murderous forced labor camps of the Gulag archipelago - victimized tens of millions of innocent men, women, and children for more than 20 years." Millions of people were sent to the Gulag camps from 1939 through 1953, for the crime of doing absolutely nothing. There were "...eight million souls (a conservative estimate) who languished in Soviet concentration camps every year between 1939 and 1953." under the horrible conditions at the Gulags. Every year Stalin, in his paranoia sent millions of people off to their deaths. "Russia’s War - Blood Upon the Snow" brought into view a more detailed, personal account of Stalin’s atrocities. People recalling memories they had of what it was like to live under Stalin’s paranoid rule. During his five-year plans to become a more industrialized nation, Stalin had thousands of people forced into building the White Sea Canal. They were made to continue working until they dropped from exhaustion. When it was completed in 1933 the workers who were still left were drowned in the canal. Another paranoid act Stalin ordered to be carried out was the murder of over a thousand members of the seventeenth congress. When Stalin held a vote to elect who the general secretary would be, three hundred votes were against him. He feared that he would be overthrown by Sergei Kirov, who only received three votes against him. Joseph Stalin, over a short period had Kirov murdered as well as one thousand out of nineteen hundred sixty-six committee membe rs and ninety-eight out of one hundred and thirty-nine central committee members.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

Love as Joyous Essay

Both Plath and the Metaphysical Poets show love as joyous by suggesting a strong physical intimacy between themselves and their lovers. Donne, known for his hedonistic ways tried to seduce his lady in the poem ‘To his mistress going to bed† by relating her undressing to a holy analogy. â€Å"Hallowed temple†¦ heaven†¦ paradise†¦ Angels† gives a sense of purity about the relationship and emphasises the innocence in that the love they are about to share is purely between them. Along with this, in order to fortify the intimacy felt during love making Donne uses polysemic terms such as â€Å"My mine of precious stones† which not only displays mine as a first person possessive pronoun- perhaps showing pride in the possession he has over his mistress- but also the mine that is her genitals- the new land he is yet to discover. Similarly Plath uses polysemantic terms as a way of showing the exclusivity in her relationships in the poem ‘Ariel , specifically referring to the apparent lesbian affair she had soon after her and Ted Hughes split ‘ – † The child’s cry melts in the wall† not only suggests that when with her alleged lesbian partner she’s free for the burden of motherhood and can just focus on their passion but also that when being in a homosexual relationship the possibilities of conceiving a child are none an therefore there is no-one else to detract from the bond and overwhelming desire that the 2 have for each other. Plath also represents this intimacy by using metaphorical imagery such as â€Å"White Godiva† which indicates the female naked freedom while also subtly protesting against her husband by portraying this great female symbol. Plath also uses imagery to intensify the passion she feels in love making with another woman – † The brown arc of the neck† and † into the red eye† suggest the vagina and feminists would argue that Plath portrays the orgasm as † Foam to the wheat glitter of seas† which exaggerates the intimacy experienced when the 2 are at their most vulnerable naked states. Along with this both Plath and the Metaphysicals display the joyous love by the overwhelming of emotions that it creates. In Donne’s poem † To his Mistress Going To Bed† the whole poem is written in one stanza with its contents being ridden with enjambment â€Å"we easily know By this these Angels from an evil sprite:†. This shows the feelings Donne has as not being able to express them fast enough as, as he’s seducing her, so many emotions are being created – at the foremost frustration and lust. At the time, Donne was known for being debauched and this excitement and unable to contain his feeling emphasises how much he risked in order to sleep with the woman. The use of plosives such as â€Å"Behind before, above, between, below† represent the transactional and heightening strength of the emotion whilst the caesura in the line suggests Donne needs to pause after the words to try and calm himself down from all the overwhelming urges and desires he has for his mistress. As Donne was a child genius and was working in law by the time he was 17 he was popular with the ladies, and so when a woman such as the one he’s addressing in the poem doesn’t succumb to his epicurean ways so easily, his emotions flair and overwhelm him into an almost plea for her to make love with him. Plath also uses linguistic features in portraying the overbearing love and excitement she has for her first child to be born. â€Å"You’re† is a poem written during her pregnancy of her first child Frieda. She uses the phrase â€Å"Vague as fog and looked for like mail† to represent the anticipation and urgency she has to meet her new child. However, this is a homophone and mail could also mean â€Å"male† as in the absence of her husband Ted Hughes who was rarely around. At the time she was having relationship issues with Ted and building a new everlasting love bond with her new child and so the conflict in positive and negative emotions at the time would have certainly been overwhelming. The fog in this phrase represents the uncertainty and space between the mother and the gestating baby which may also be ironic of the disbelief she has that she can love a person so much without having met them yet. Finally both the metaphysical poets and Plath display love as joyous by seeing it as an opportunity for a new start. Donne sees this new start being one as starting from the pure naked state in the relationship – † to enter in these bonds is to be free† is an oxymoron as the bond of marriage incarcerates two people in a relationship eternally. However Donne is expressing that by having this new start of marriage they will have a sense of freedom and self completion making love even more joyous. Whether Donne actually meant to marry the woman is questionable, after his strong womanising reputation however if he is then the new start he would have in actually committing himself in a marriage shows the strength of the love he feels. Plath, in â€Å"Ariel† sees the birth of her first child as a new start for herself. The metaphor of the last 2 lines â€Å"Right, like a well-done sum. A clean slate, with your own face on† shows the positivity she already sees in this new being â€Å"well-done sum† and â€Å"clean slate†. At the time she was going through hardships in her marriage with Ted Hughes and so the new child could be a source for a new start of optimistic love and a positive source to project happiness onto. The compound words in â€Å"Thumbs-down on the dodo’s mode. † Represents the new life and thus new beginning Plath will receive from the new baby whilst the assonance of the ‘o’ sound fortifies this by showing certainty and stability she sees in that this undoubtedly will give her the release and new start that she’s needed for so long

Friday, August 16, 2019

Introduction to Business Assignment Essay

AIM: I have been requested by Peter Eskesen to look at two contrasting business organisations and one of who must operate in the secondary/manufacturing industry and the other corporation must be a service provider from the tertiary sector. I must then look at the activities that each of them fulfil and look at the effectiveness of them within each organisation. I have decided to look at the activities of G. E lighting which is an American company and a direct division of the biggest company in the world G. E and the second company of which I have decided to look at is Sainsbury’s who is amongst some of the most dominant market leading companies operating in the U. K in the supermarket sector. Both of the companies that I have decided to look at are both owned by shareholders which means that people have bought shares into them. However having said that, as G. E lighting is an American company it means that it will not be listed on the London Stock Exchange but will alternatively be listed upon the New York stock exchange market. If a person wanted to buy shares in GE lighting then they would have to contact a broker. Furthermore, Sainsbury’s is also a Public Limited Company because it is like before, listed upon the London Stock Exchange. Today General Electric is made up of many departments/divisions. For example G. E Lighting in Enfield is part of a Global Business, which operates in over 100 worldwide countries and also holds work for over 300,000 people worldwide too. Television programming, Plastics and G. E Aircraft Engines for example, is the biggest engine maker and supplier in the world with operations in over 40 different countries. 1 On the next page you will find GE’s product portfolio. Sainsbury’s supermarkets employ over 145,000 people (including Savacentre). Of these 145,000 people, 60% are part – time based workers and 40% are full – time workers. 62% of the labour forces are women which show that since the 19th Century equal opportunities have shifted and women have the same rights as men – to be able to work. Furthermore, Sainsbury’s Supermarkets serves well over 11 million customers a week and as from May 2003, had 535 stores open throughout the UK. Nearly 60% of their stores are located upon town centres and others built on the edge of centre locations – in the greenbelt areas where land is cheaper and have better connections. Like GE, Sainsburys also have sub divisions or Subsidiary companies that they own. For example the other activities that they operate or run besides Groceries, include a chain of Sainsbury’s Banks, Shaw’s, JS Development and Sainsbury’s Property Development. Shaw’s Supermarkets Inc. has been a completely owned Subsidiary of J Sainsbury’s plc since 1987 and partly owned since 1983. Shaw’s serves over four million customers a week, and as at May 2003 had 193 stores open in New England, USA. In June 1999, J Sainsbury’s plc acquired the entire share capital of Star Markets for a total consideration of $497 million dollars which is the equivalent to i 313 million British pounds. Star Markets operates in the Metropolitan Boston area, Washington DC. The acquisition took Shaw’s Supermarkets to the number 2 position in New England and as the dominant market leader in Houston, Massachusetts. Like Sainsbury’s Supermarkets, the US operations place an emphasis on high quality food at value for money prices, and are persistently recuperating and improving their range of fresh foods. The corporation offers approximately 50,000 different lines, up to 35,000 per store at any one time. Some 5,000 popular brand products account for 40 per cent sales and as at June 2003, Shaw’s employs some 28,400 associates.

Thursday, August 15, 2019

Analysis of Meditation IV by John Donne Essay

The opening statement of John Donnes Meditation IV sets a disposition for the whole article. ..Except God, Man is a diminutive to nothing (Donne 23) is saying man is bigger than the world; excluding the fact that God conquers and controls all. Man is in control of his own life, but God controls his fate. It is also stating that the world is nothing in comparison to man and is not as complex. Donnes numerous comparisons between human anatomy and nature shows how mans complexity overcomes the world and is therefore considered bigger than it. Mans veins are used in comparison to simple rivers and muscles to hills to justify his complexity over the world. This analogy is used to show just how closely related humans are to nature, yet still closer in comparison and controlled by God. God is the puppet master of all, and has fixed the order of nature (Aquinas 79) . He has made man the only species with direct connection to Him. The Lord says, The works that I do, he also shall do, and grea ter than these shall he do (87). Donne continues his comparison by stating as the whole world hath nothing, to which something in man doth not answere, so hath man many pieces, of which the whole world hath no representation (Donne 23). This means that man can relate to anything in the world, but the world does not have the capacity to do the same. He goes on to state that even though Gods creatures are everywhere, not just in the sea, and are born giants physically in comparison to humans, their mental competence is nothing in contrast to man. Donne states that Gods creatures reach everywhere; land and sea, Earth to Heaven, but his thoughts are comprehended by all. Donne writes of two different worlds where monsters and diseases coexist and live with one another. The world in which there are monsters is a representation of the Earth. Animals are able to cure themselves, so they are able to survive and live harmoniously; each animal is able to coexist and live independently. The world of disease is one which has been created by the humans and representing the human body. They are so consumed with conquering everything and everyone; they have acquired diseases for which there is no name because there are so many within the world. The diseases have become entangled and have formed new ones. Donne is saddened by the separation of the worlds and the humans dependency on animals and various  remedies. He cannot understand how we can have so many diseases without names and remedies. Donnes analogy of Hercules and a Physician does give a physician heroic characteristics, but also can be perceived negatively. The over exaggeration of the physicians position makes it seem like he is fighting monsters instead of disease and as if he existed on Earth instead of within his own human body. The line, †¦hee musters up al the forces of the other world, to succor this; all Nature to relieve Man (24), explains the previous statement by saying that the physician uses the knowledge of Earth to cure the human body of disease. Donne feels like the physicians need to take from the monsters world is degrading and humans should be able to exist without the need of animals. Donne then tries to separate himself from the physician and say the physician is different than the typical man. We have the phisician, but we are not the physician (24). He will not be considered in the same hierarchy as the physician, even though a physician is human. Because the physician must resort to animalistic means to cure disease, he is considered lesser in Donnes eyes; even though he previously believed God placed all of human kind on the same level. He goes on to state that we shrink back to Gods set standards for us, sink into our dignity and respect for other creatures, and have the physician do all the dirty work. Donne then goes on to list different animals that do cure themselves of ailments. The Hart can distinguish which herbs can deceive a predator and make it vomit up the poison. A dog that is attacked knows he can be cured by eating grass. Donne mentions the Drugger, which is the closest creature to Man, because he simply supplies the medicine. The Drugger, unlike the physician, does not find the cures or have to consult the animal world. Because the Drugger cannot cure himself of disease, he must seek advice from the physician to be healed. Donne speaks of the innate instinct to cure oneself that humans do not have and infers that creatures with that instinct are superior to those without.  This contradicts his previous stance that humans are superior to all and are Gods gift to the world. It seems now he believes that animals are the superior beings and God is working through them instead. He is disappointed by his own species and tries to separate himself from human beings. By his analysis of the physician, he is able to make himself feel superior and less inadequate for not being able to cure himself. Donne then refers back to his previous stance of human position and discredits it completely. He proposes the question, whats become of mans great extent and proportion, when himself shrinkes himselfe, and consumes himselfe to a handfull of dust?(25) It seems as if he is trying to figure out what will happen if humans become so dependent upon animals for all aspects of life. What will be left for humans to do if animals become superior and take over everything? The comparison to a handful of dust may be an overstatement, but a metaphor to the humans usefulness at the very least. The question, whats become of his soaring thoughts, his compassing thoughts, when himself brings himself to the ignorance, to the thoughtlessnesse of the Grave? (25) puts man at the animalistic level and says they have the thought capacity of a simple animal. The reference to the Grave lowers humans even more to the afterlife and a corpses inability to do anything. This reference refers back to Donnes previous statement that humans will eventually be useless, but takes it a step further and makes them as useful as a corpse. The Grave also is an allusion to God and his ability to control life and the fate of everything. Donne ends his meditation with a restatement on his final stance on Earth vs. the human body. He believes humans are able to live within world of disease, but do not have the capacity to heal themselves like animals do. They are therefore inferior and the physician is even lower because he is a human that must heal other humans, but still cannot heal himself like animals are. Animals are able to live independently and do not rely upon one another to survive. If one species died, they have to ability to adapt and overcome any problems. Donne feels that humans would not be able to do this. At first he believes God made humans strong and able to conquer all, but he contradicted himself and talked his way out of that belief. Bruce Boehrer states that,  [relative anthropocentrism] associates large and variable subsets of the human community to a greater or lesser extent with the realm of nature, while reserving full human statues only for specific, arbitrarily defined social groups (Boehrer 17) . Boehrer may be inferring that humans choose when to use the talents God specifically gave them, which would not make them inferior as Donne states, but rather superior for not wasting energy on characteristics not given to them, but using inferior creatures to cure them. Works Cited: Donne, John. Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions. Ann Arbor, MI: U of Michigan P, 1990. Aquinas, St. Thomas. Summa Theologiae. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company. Boehrer, Bruce. Shakespeare Among the Animals: How To Do Things With Animals. Palgrave.